Wenzhong David Zhang
Keywords: Hubble constant, Hubble length, the intrinsic relaxation time constant of free space, the impedance of free space, the total electrical resistance of the observable Universe, the energy dissipation of a monochromatic electromagnetic wave, wave-particle duality.
Abstract: The Hubble tension, the contradictions between the predictions of the Lambda cold dark matter cosmological model and the results of deep space observations by James Webb Space Telescope, demand radical progress in the fundamental understanding of the Hubble constant. From Maxwell’s equations, the connection between the Hubble constant and the extremely tiny conductivity of the free space as an integrated dynamic grand medium is elucidated. The Hubble constant is identified as the intrinsic relaxation frequency constant of this integrated dynamic grand medium. Quantitative value for the conductivity of the free space as an integrated dynamic grand medium is determined theoretically. It is derived that the total electrical resistance of the observable Universe as a cubic shape confined to the Hubble length is equivalent to the well-determined impedance of the free space. The energy dissipation of a monochromatic electromagnetic wave propagating through the integrated dynamic grand medium of the free space per cycle, as derived from Poynting’s theorem, is shown to be the product of the Planck constant and the Hubble constant. This result aligns precisely with the energy dissipation of a photon propagating through the free space with an extremely tiny frictional force per cycle, derived from a lightly damped oscillator model.
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